Relationship between cardiovascular diseases and Parkinson’s disease: from risk factors to new biological markers

Atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD) are among the most common diseases and the leading causes of death in developed countries. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Research show that approximately 80% of PD patients have cardiovascular diseases, while the need for their early diagnosis and treatment is often underestimated. Some manifestations of CVD may be regarded as non-motor manifestations of PD. However, the connection between PD and cardiocerebrovascular diseases remains controversial. The mechanisms linking atherosclerosis and IHD with PD may include chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukins play a crucial role in the progression of these diseases. Oxidative stress is also considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration in PD. Genetic studies reveal a relationship between genes associated with PD and cardiovascular diseases. Non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) may also influence regulation of genes related to these conditions. Further research is necessary to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between CVD and Parkinson’s disease, which could lead to improved diagnostics and the development of personalized treatment methods.