In vitro analysis demonstrates titanium dioxide nanoparticles under UV irradiation exhibit antiviral activity, suggesting improved immune gene expression in fish.
This study examines the potential in vitro application of different concentrations of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles irradiated with UV light for sanitation of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and their antiviral activity. The diverse effects associated with Nodavirus in terms of immune gene expression (i.e., pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, cellular response genes, humoral response genes and stress genes) were studied using RT-qPCR. In addition, the viability and cytopathic effect on E-11 fish cells were also investigated. The results obtained did not show a clear cytopathic effect under the reversed-phase microscope observation at different TiO2 concentrations. A significant decrease in viral coat protein (CP) gene expression was observed when using 2.5 and 1.25 g/L TiO2 suspensions under UV irradiation. TiO2 at 1.25 g/L induced an inflammatory response to Nodavirus by increasing the expression of all target genes. Thus, this work demonstrates that TiO2 NPs can strengthen the immune system of fish to fight virus infection and make aquaculture a greener and more sustainable activity.
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El-Jeni et al. (2025) studied this question.
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