Effects of Nanoparticle Radius and Inter‐Particle Spacing on MHD Mixed Convective Flow of a Water‐Based Nanofluid Containing Alumina Nanoparticles Over an Exponentially Extending Sheet

Applications concerning nanoparticle radius and inter‐particle spacing effects on nanofluid flow utilizing alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles are present in various fields, including microfluidics, advanced materials, and thermal administration. This study primarily focuses on a comparative investigation of nanoparticle radius and inter‐particle spacing in magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow incorporating alumina nanoparticles on an expanding surface. The Cattaneo–Christov model is employed to take into consideration the time relaxation effect. Moreover, this study examines the impacts of thermal radiation, Joule heating, and convective constraints at the boundary. This analysis accounts for a 4% volume proportion of alumina nanoparticles. The main equations are solved subsequently through the bvp4c technique. The plots are sketched for velocity along x‐ and y direction and temperature profiles with their respective parameters like magnetic parameter , mixed convection parameter , Eckert number , Biot number , thermal radiation , stretching ratio parameter , unsteady parameter , and nanoparticle volume fraction .