Surface Specific Analysis - A Comparative Study of Menstrual and Non-Menstrual Bloodstains

Abstract Background: Distinguishing between menstrual and peripheral bloodstains is essential in forensic research, especially in sexual assault or trauma cases, since it may be used to determine whether it is a matter of consent or violence. Under controlled conditions, this study examines the temporal morphological changes of menstrual and non-menstrual blood stains on glossy paper, a semi-porous surface. Results: The diameter of the stains was noted at 10 minutes, 1, 2, 24, 72, and 120 hours after the deposition for menstrual and non-menstrual stains. The non-menstrual bloodstains decreased consecutively over time, so they were more consistent with time. These variations were due to the viscous, mucus-rich nature of menstrual blood as opposed to the clotting effects of peripheral blood, and were statistically significant (measured by triplicate measurement). Conclusion: This is a non-destructive optical technique that can complement high-order techniques such as hyperspectral imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and the SERATEC PMB test, increasing the capacity of forensic bloodstain pattern analysis. Although the substrates used and the environmental parameters are limited, the results give a good starting point in differentiating blood types, the ramifications of which may be used in correct crime scene reconstruction and legal results.