Patellofemoral pain syndrome – a review of causes, diagnosis and management

Introduction: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a common cause of anterior knee pain, especially in young and physically active individuals. It manifests itself with diffuse pain around the patella, which intensifies during flexion activities such as squatting, running or descending stairs. Despite the lack of unequivocal structural changes, PFPS can lead to chronic pain and limited joint function. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to review current data on the pathophysiology, diagnostics (clinical and imaging) and treatment strategies for PFPS, with particular emphasis on prognosis and relapse prevention. Materials and methods: A review of the literature from the last 10 years was conducted from the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. English and Polish-language papers on diagnostics, conservative and surgical treatment and prevention were included. State of knowledge: The main factors of PFPS are biomechanical disorders (e.g. increased Q angle, VMO weakness). Conservative treatment (physiotherapy, education, taping) is the basis. Surgical treatment is considered in resistant cases. Symptom recurrence is frequent, hence the importance of prevention. Conclusion: Effective PFPS therapy requires an individual and multifaceted approach, combining physiotherapy, education and, when necessary, surgical treatment.