Dual-Polarization Radar Insights into Regional Cloud Seeding Program over Central Saudi Arabia: Spring 2025 Observations

This study explores the meteorological impacts of cloud seeding operations conducted over central Saudi Arabia during the spring season of 2025, leveraging high-resolution dual-polarization radar observations. The seeding activities were strategically performed during episodes of pronounced convective development, offering favorable atmospheric conditions to evaluate seeding effectiveness. These efforts are part of the ongoing Regional Cloud Seeding Program, launched in 2022, which targets rainfall enhancement across the central and southwestern sectors of the Kingdom in response to chronic water scarcity.Key dual-polarization radar variables—including differential reflectivity, specific differential phase and correlation coefficient , were analyzed before and after cloud seeding operations using silver iodide (AgI) as the seeding agent. These metrics were employed to assess microphysical transformations within seeded clouds, particularly the initiation and growth of precipitation-sized hydrometeors.Preliminary results indicate a measurable increase in radar reflectivity and enhanced signatures consistent with cloud droplet coalescence and ice particle formation following seeding events. These patterns suggest a positive atmospheric response to the interventions, aligning with the goals of precipitation augmentation.This work contributes critical observational evidence for the operational viability of cloud seeding in arid environments and offers a radar-based diagnostic framework to support future weather modification efforts in the region.