Haematological Parameter Alterations Among Cervical Cancer Patients and the Relationship between Blood Groups and Cervical Cancer Disease

Background: Cervix cancer is one of the common cancers among women and an important global health problem. As the cervical cancer progresses, changes appear in haematological parameters which have been of relevant consideration in context of cancer patients. Blood group antigens may influence the systemic inflammatory response, that has been associated with the malignancies. Objectives: This review highlight on the haematological alterations among cervical cancer patients and the association between blood groups and cervical cancer disease. The symptoms of cervix cancer in premenopausal women are irregular vaginal bleeding, vaginal bleeding after intercourse and watery vaginal discharge and severe pelvic pain caused by tumor metastasis in bone. The incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer are more prevalent in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe. There are a significant decreases in the RBCs count, hemoglobin content and Hct value among cervical cancer patients when compared with the healthy individuals. The incidence of anaemia and thrombocytopaenia were significantly higher among cervical cancer subjects compared to controls. Leukocytosis, lymphopenia, neutrophilia, NLR and PLR were higher in patients with cancer when compared with the controls and were consistently elevated during tumor progression. In addition to age of patients and determination of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios may help in decision making precancerous pathologies of the cervix. Blood group antigens may influence the systemic inflammatory response, that has been associated with the malignancies The ABO antigen expressed on the surface of malignant cells appears to be different from the antigen expressed on normal tissue. The different expression of antigens on the surface of cancer cells might alter motility, apoptosis and immune escape. ABO blood group phenotype is different among different region hence distribution among cervical carcinoma is also different for particular region and also heterogeneity in result largely depends on study design, sample size, races, socioeconomic status and other associated factors like sexual partners, number of biological fathers, number of children and the use of contraceptive. Association between gynecological cancers and ABO blood groups were significantly found higher in blood type A, followed by B, O and minimum association of gynecological cancers were found in blood type AB. A strong association between incident of carcinoma of cervix and blood group A and weaker association with blood group B and individuals with blood group O appear to be more resistant to the development of cancers. Women of blood group A might be at higher risk of cancers involves diminished immunological surveillance. Conclusion: The current review showed a significant alterations in haematological parameters among cervical cancer patients and a strong association between incident of cervical cancer and blood groups.