Demographic Characteristics of Keratoconus in a Sample of Iraqi Patients

Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive, bilateral corneal ectasia that typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood. It leads to thinning and protrusion of the cornea, resulting in visual impairment. Understanding the demographic and clinical characteristics of KC in Iraqi populations is essential for early detection and intervention. Objective: To evaluate the demographic distribution, clinical features, and potential risk factors associated with keratoconus in a sample of Iraqi patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital in Baghdad from June 2024 to June 2025. A total of 170 patients diagnosed with KC were included. Data were collected on age, gender, education, residency, family history, consanguinity, systemic and ocular conditions, and prior treatments. Results: The majority of KC patients were aged 11–30 years (74.7%), with a slight female predominance (52.9%). Primary education was the most common educational level (56.5%). A significant proportion reported positive family history (30%) and consanguineous parentage (61.8%). Common ocular risk factors included eye rubbing (70%) and dry eyes (21.8%). Allergic and atopic conditions were present in 10.6% of patients. Surprisingly, none had received prior treatment or follow-up. Most patients (65.3%) resided in Baghdad. Conclusion: Keratoconus in Iraq is prevalent among younger individuals and strongly associated with genetic factors, including family history and consanguinity. The lack of prior management highlights the need for improved awareness, screening, and access to care within the healthcare system.