Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Brazilian food: a critical review of levels, human health risk assessment, and potential gaps in the recent literature

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants with well-known carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. Their presence in food is a critical concern, particularly in developing countries such as Brazil, where regulatory frameworks may be inadequate to mitigate contamination risks effectively. This article systematically reviews the recent literature on PAH contamination in Brazilian food, assesses the associated health risks, and identifies critical gaps in research and regulatory practices. A literature search was conducted using predefined inclusion criteria across databases: Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. Health risk characterisation was performed using risk assessment methodologies, including Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Cancer Risk (CR) calculations. These assessments accounted for both median and maximum exposure scenarios, with consumption data derived from the Brazilian Family Budget Research. Out of 36 eligible studies, 16 distinct food matrices were identified. A notable regional disparity in research efforts was noted, with 56% of studies concentrated in Southeast Brazil. Analysis revealed that several food categories exceeded EU regulatory limits for benzo[a]pyrene and PAH4 (benzo[a]pyrene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]anthracene). CR values of concern were found in tea (3.73 × 10−2), cheese (1.24 × 10−2), and vegetable oils (4.05 × 10−3), all of which exceeded the acceptable threshold of 1 × 10−5, indicating an elevated cancer risk from continuous exposure. These findings underscore the need for stringent regulatory measures. Currently, Brazilian standards are limited mainly to olive oil. The analysis identified critical gaps in PAH monitoring, with research funding disparities contributing to uneven geographical coverage, thereby hindering comprehensive national risk assessments. This review highlights an urgent need for enhanced regulatory oversight, use of standardised monitoring protocols, and increased investment in research to address PAH contamination across Brazil's food supply.