Survey reveals diverse kratom product formulations and potential high alkaloid exposure risks.
Background Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) products in the US have diversified from dried leaf to now include edibles, extracts, teas, and tonics. Higher alkaloid content and/or greater oral exposure across formulations expose consumers to potentially greater amounts of alkaloids per serving in a shorter duration of time, thereby potentially increasing product effect and risk profiles.
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Hill et al. (2025) studied this question.
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