Navigating viewpoints in MBSE: challenges, potential and pathways for stakeholder participation in industry

Model-based Systems Engineering (MBSE) supports managing complex engineering projects. A pivotal element of MBSE is the concept of views which provide tailored representations of a system model to address stakeholder concerns. Despite standards describing the use and generation of views, the adoption and practical implementation of MBSE views and viewpoints in industrial practice remain insufficiently explored. Interviews with German practitioners reveal a disconnect between theory and practice: views and viewpoints and the involvement in MBSE are often limited to technical experts, excluding non-technical stakeholders. High complexity, abstract representations, and tool-related barriers impede broader engagement. The findings suggest stakeholder-specific, accessible visualizations integrated into easy-to-use tools to improve understanding, collaboration, and decision-making.