A graph-theoretic approach for assessing the alignment of circular economy principles with integrated product development and supply chain design

This study explores a graph-theoretic approach to assess the alignment of R-imperatives with the integrated product development and supply chain design decisions in the transition toward a circular economy. By modeling interdependencies as a multi-layer graph, our framework quantifies alignment levels, identifies gaps, and provides strategic insights for improving circularity. The methodology employs a hierarchical matrix representation and scenario-based analysis to assess integration performance under different conditions. Numerical results from a case study in the lighting systems industry illustrate the approach’s practical applicability. Findings highlight that repair and remanufacturing exhibit the highest alignment potential, while repurposing shows limited viability. This research offers a structured assessment tool for companies to enhance circularity in supply chain management.