Invitro and Invivo Anti-diabetic Studies on Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea glabra: A Comprehensive Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a chronic metabolic disorder that can lead to irreversible nerve and vascular damage. Type 2 DM, the most prevalent form, is a growing global health concern. Although several therapeutic options are available, maintaining optimal blood glucose levels remains challenging, and in addition the current drugs in use are associated with various side effects particularly gastrointestinal disturbances. This has driven the need for safer, more effective antihyperglycemic agents of natural origin. Literature evidences indicate that medicinal plants, through both crude extracts and isolated bioactive compounds, significantly influence blood glucose regulation. Further promising outcomes reported in previous studies underscore their potential in the development of antidiabetic drugs and supplements. Traditionally, Bougainvillea species have been used as anti diabetic agent. Also, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have further validated their antidiabetic properties, highlighting mechanisms such as modulation of carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidant activity. The current review holds a strong rationale for herbal research and paves the way for novel herbal formulations in diabetes management.