Systematics of wild honey bee species in central Africa: diversity, classification, and challenges

This review synthesizes published data from 2000 to 2024 on the diversity of wild bee species in Cameroon, Gabon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, with a focus on key subspecies of Apis mellifera that contribute to ecosystem functioning and local apiculture. It draws on more than 70 peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, using major databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, ResearchGate, PubMed, Google Scholar, and AJOL. The studies reviewed employed methods such as wing venation morphometric analysis and mitochondrial DNA barcoding. Data were grouped by species, region, and methodology to identify taxonomic patterns, ecological roles, and emerging threats. Key conservation threats identified include deforestation due to agricultural expansion, genetic introgression between native and introduced bee populations, and temperature-related shifts in flowering cycles. The review also highlights the current gaps in regional taxonomic data and monitoring systems. Recommendations include the implementation of region-specific sustainable beekeeping practices, the development of national taxonomic reference databases, and support for integrative field and molecular research. These findings suggest the need for targeted policy interventions by local governments and NGOs to preserve native bee diversity and promote pollinator-friendly agroecological practices.