Partitioning of nighttime transpiration and stem water refilling using VPD and dendrometer data: insights into baselining and nighttime sap flux interpretation

The baseline for thermal dissipation probes is a reference for simultaneous cessation of both nighttime transpiration and refilling of trees internal water stores. Finding this moment is challenging as the baseline is dynamically changing, and the complete sap flux cessation may not even occur. We proposed a novel framework using VPD and dendrometer measurements to partition transpiration and refilling from nighttime sap flux density, and introduced a night-by-night baselining scheme that does not rely on identifying the zero-flow moment. One conventional baselining method using the maximum probe voltage (or temperature) difference substantially underestimated sap flux density by 204.56% for nighttime, 28.30% for daytime, and 45.20% for full-day flux in P. sylvestris , and by 344.77%, 45.68%, and 54.76%, respectively, in A. glutinosa . Baseline calibrations using commonly available variables are thus provided. Evaluation through gas exchange and evapotranspiration data confirmed the accuracy of partitioning between nighttime transpiration and refilling, demonstrating that nighttime transpiration can drive measurable nighttime evapotranspiration responses. Nightly variations in water allocation within stem tissue add complexity to stem swelling. Seasonally, sap flux density showed an initial increase in both transpiration and refilling, followed by a decline, with transpiration dominating until mid-summer before refilling gradually took precedence. Highlights Partitioned nighttime transpiration & stem refilling using VPD & dendrometers. Tracked seasonal shifts in transpiration & refilling ratios to nighttime sap flux. Independently evaluated model with eddy covariance & leaf gas exchange measurements. Proposed a new high-frequency baselining strategy for thermal dissipation probes. Revealed & corrected errors in sap flux density baselining methods.