Enhancing Border Security Against Nuclear & Radiological Threats: Future Direction in Radiation Detection and Interdiction Technologies for Physical Nuclear Security

Maintaining effective border security against the threat of nuclear and radiological materials is a critical challenge, requiring the development of advanced detection technologies and integrated security systems. This review examines the key challenges, innovative approaches and future research priorities in the field of radiation detection and interdiction for border security applications. To address these challenges, the review highlights a range of innovative technological advancements, such as the use of high-performance radiation detectors, spectroscopic identification techniques, active interrogation methods, and automated screening systems enhanced by artificial intelligence and data fusion. Furthermore, the review explores the development of mobile and deployable detection systems, as well as the integration of multi-modal approaches that combine different sensor technologies to create more comprehensive and robust border security solutions. Looking to the future, the paper identifies key research priorities, including improving sensor performance, enhancing material identification and categorization, leveraging AI and machine learning, strengthening system resilience and adaptability, and promoting international cooperation and information sharing. By addressing these critical areas, the research community and border security agencies can work together to enhance the protection of global borders against the persistent threat of nuclear and radiological materials, ultimately contributing to the broader goal of strengthening global nuclear security.