Unveiling threat patterns for leopards and mesopredators in agricultural landscapes of South Africa

Human–predator conflict remains a major challenge for both conservation efforts and agricultural practices in South Africa. This study examined farmer attitudes, experiences and predator control strategies in South Africa's Western Cape province and a bordering buffer area to provide a deeper understanding of how these conflicts impact predator species, especially leopards ( Panthera pardus ), an ecologically important surrogate species existing at low population levels. A survey was conducted with 309 participants, focusing on farmers' encounters with predators and the methods they used to prevent livestock losses. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics to identify the prevalence of predator encounters, livestock losses and the adoption of lethal versus non‐lethal control methods. Multiple correspondence analysis was performed to explore relationships between variables such as farming type, predator control methods and attitudes towards predators. Hierarchical clustering was then applied to group participants based on their responses, revealing distinct patterns in predator control strategies and attitudes towards wildlife. Qualitative data, focusing on personal experiences and cultural perceptions, were thematically analysed to capture the socio‐cultural factors shaping farmer attitudes. This comprehensive, mixed‐methods approach offered a robust understanding of human–wildlife interactions. The results showed that 83% of participants were livestock farmers, with 86% having experienced livestock predation. Although lethal control methods, particularly against black‐backed jackals ( Lupulella mesomelas ) and caracals ( Caracal caracal ), were used by 78% of the farmers, there was growing interest in non‐lethal alternatives. Attitudes towards leopards varied, influenced by individual experiences with predation, cultural views and conservation awareness. Farmers in areas with no resident leopard populations tended to adopt more neutral stances towards them. Evidence of widespread snaring prevalence was also revealed, posing a direct and indirect threat to predators. These findings highlight the need for integrated management strategies that address both the economic concerns of farmers and the conservation of biodiversity. By fostering collaboration between farmers and conservationists, tailored approaches can be developed to mitigate human–predator conflicts while promoting coexistence and supporting leopard conservation in the region. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.