Mechanisation in oil palm plantation: investigating socio-economic determinants and operational challenges among smallholders in Subis 3, Sarawak

The oil palm industry makes a substantial contribution to Malaysia’s economic development, particularly within rural communities where smallholders are integral to production. The introduction of mechanisation holds the potential to enhance productivity and alleviate operational demands for these smallholders. However, the rate of mechanisation adoption among smallholders has been low and inconsistent mainly due to a various relationship of socio-economic and environmental factors in Malaysia. This study investigates the socio-economic determinants and challenges that influence the adoption of mechanisation among oil palm smallholders in Subis 3, Sarawak. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six actively engaged oil palm smallholders, and the resulting data were transcribed and analysed thematically to identify key factors and obstacles. The findings indicate that the perceived economic value, labour efficiency, information accessibility via informal and online channels, and terrain suitability all influence smallholders’ propensity to adopt mechanisation in their oil palm plantations. Challenges identified include high initial investment and maintenance costs, frequent machinery breakdowns, limited institutional support and outreach, and environmental constraints such as challenging terrain and adverse weather conditions, which affect machinery efficiency and utilisation. Despite these challenges, smallholders expressed optimism regarding the potential of mechanisation to reduce labour dependence and enhance farm efficiency and overall productivity. The study emphasises the necessity of consistent support through improved training, accessible financing options, and strengthened institutional outreach to facilitate mechanisation adoption. Addressing these operational challenges may foster more sustainable and efficient oil palm agricultural practices, thereby promoting long-term economic resilience and productivity within the sector, particularly for Malaysian oil palm smallholders.