Inflammatory Complications of Odontogenic Origin: A Comprehensive Review

Aims: This review synthesizes current knowledge on inflammatory complications of odontogenic origin, based on scientific literature from 2005 to 2025. The objective is to identify and characterize the full spectrum of complications, their etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering peer-reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2025. The literature search yielded 2,340 articles, of which 28 met inclusion criteria, including 15 original research articles, 10 review articles, and 3 case reports. Results: The review covers complications including periapical abscesses (periapical, subperiosteal, submucosal), odontogenic sinusitis, osteomyelitis, facial cellulitis, sepsis, orbital abscess, meningitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, brain abscess, and Lemierre’s syndrome. Contributing factors include untreated caries, periodontal disease, dental trauma, diabetes, and immunosuppression. Infection spread occurs via direct extension, hematogenous dissemination, or lymphatic routes, affecting areas such as the maxillary sinus, orbit, mediastinum, and intracranial spaces. Conclusions: The results emphasize that early diagnosis, targeted antimicrobial therapy, surgical intervention, and patient education are critical for effective management. The discussion underscores the need for interdisciplinary approaches and preventive measures to mitigate these complications.