Morphological And Histological Comparison of The Internal Organs of Birds

Birds are considered an important livestock resource and play an important nutritional role for humans in terms of producing meat and eggs. It is considered one of the laboratory animals on which many studies are conducted. Therefore, it is important to know the physiological, topographic, anatomical, and histological characteristics of the internal organs of birds in order to compare them with pathological tissues when birds are infected with bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases. The difference occurs in the morphological and histological changes occurring in the digestive, respiratory, cardiac, and urinary systems according to the surrounding environmental conditions. In order to adapt and suit the environment, we notice here some changes that occur in the body systems of birds, and a difference can be noticed when comparing females and males as well. Birds that live in an aquatic environment differ in structure from birds that live in a desert or dry environment. Therefore, it is important to study the internal systems of birds and know their morphological and histological changes.