Ethnobotanical uses, diversity, and palatability of weeds in the tobacco crop, Yaqubi field, tehsil Razar, district Swabi

Background: A research region's phyto-diversity provides a diversity of services to humans and their livestock, including food, feed, and medicines. The livestock's inclinations are quantified by the plants' palatability. This present study is the first attempt to document the diversity, palatable status, and ethnomedicinal uses of weeds in the region. Objectives: The primary aim of this investigation was to record the biodiversity of weed species in tobacco crops and their ethnomedicinal uses and palatability. Methods: An examination survey with frequent visits to the research area was conducted to determine the ethnobotanical uses and palatability status of weeds in tobacco crops. Results: The present study highlights the ethnobotanical importance of weed species traditionally used by indigenous communities for treating various ailments. Several of these species also serve as valuable fodder resources for livestock, reflecting their dual role in local healthcare and agricultural practices. In total, 50 weed species were recorded, belonging to 47 genera and 23 families. Poaceae with 12 spp. (24 %) emerged as the most dominant family, followed by Asteraceae with 9 spp. (18 %), and Amaranthaceae with 4 spp. (8 %). Therophytes were the prevailing life-form (66 %), with microphylls being the most common leaf-size category (30 %). The overall diversity reflects a rich and ecologically significant weed flora in the study area. Moreover, a large proportion of these species (94 %) were found to be palatable, indicating their strong potential as a forage resource. Conclusion: Based on our findings, it is recommended to employ natural weed management procedures that conserve the ethnobotanical value of palatable species while reducing the influence of lethal weeds on tobacco cultivation.