September 12, 2025BMC Global and Public HealthOpen Access

Optimal pandemic control strategies and cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions in the United States

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Cost-effectiveness analysis of NPIs shows significant impacts on COVID-19 transmission rates and economic costs.

NPIs significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission, averting approximately 860,000 COVID-19 deaths in the US in 2020.
Cost analysis revealed school closures incurred $2 trillion in future GDP loss, indicating a need for less detrimental measures.
Optimal intervention strategies, including mask mandates and contact tracing, would lower pandemic costs from $4.6 trillion to $1.9 trillion.
Despite focusing on COVID-19 in the US, findings provide insights for responding to future epidemics globally.

Irons et al. (2025) studied this question.

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