Legal Protection for Debtors in Collecting Non-Performing Loans Related to Unlawful Acts Committed by Creditors Through Installation of Banner Outside the Object of Collateral

This study examines the unlawful practice of creditors placing banners outside collateral objects to collect non-performing loans, which potentially harms debtors materially and immaterially and violates consumer protection principles. Using a normative legal research method with statutory, case, analytical, and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources through grammatical, systematic, and constructive interpretation. Findings indicate that such banner placements constitute unlawful acts under POJK No. 22 of 2023 and can be subject to civil litigation by affected debtors. The study concludes that legal protection must be enforced through OJK supervision and sanctions, while financial institutions should adopt lawful, fair, and non-detrimental debt collection procedures.