Mobile-Assisted Language Learning in a Preparatory Year English Program: Enhancing Motivation and Receptive Skills

The Education and Training Evaluation Commission in Saudi Arabia has noted that many students entering university preparatory year programs (PYPs) struggle with foundational English skills, particularly reading and listening, which are essential for academic success. These challenges are often attributed to limited exposure to English, low Motivation, and traditional instructional methods, leading to growing interest in digital tools to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes. However, research on Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) implementation in the Saudi context remains limited. This mixed-methods study investigates the impact of Duolingo and ReadTheory on student motivation and the development of receptive skills. Sixty students at A1–A2 levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) were purposively selected from a Saudi male-only public university. Guided by the PF-4M framework, which emphasizes authenticity, personalization, autonomy, and contextualization, quantitative data were collected using a CEFR-aligned Receptive Skills Test administered pre- and post-intervention, along with a post-only adapted Language Learning Motivation Scale (LLMS). Qualitative data were gathered through reflective journals that contained simplified self-assessment items, as well as weekly classroom observations, which were used to monitor participation and Engagement. Results indicated notable improvements in Motivation and receptive skills, with average test scores increasing from 8.12 (SD = 2.16) to 15.17 (SD = 1.79). Students reported that Duolingo's gamified tasks and ReadTheory’s adaptive content were engaging, although some experienced challenges with comprehension and autonomous learning. The study provides practical insights for integrating scaffolded MALL tools into the PYP curriculum. Future research should investigate AI-driven applications that support the development of productive skills.