Between integrity and exposure: the psychology of insider disclosure

Purpose This study aims to examine the psychological, ethical and situational factors influencing voluntary disclosure of organisational information in higher education. While previous research has focused on cybersecurity breaches and accidental leaks, this study investigates intentional disclosures driven by ethical convictions, ideological beliefs, personal grievances and financial incentives. It introduces two theoretical models – Ethical Retaliation Theory (ERT) and the Dual Motivational Conflict Model (DMCM) – to explain how ethical reasoning can simultaneously promote and deter insider disclosure. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods approach was used, combining data from an anonymous online survey of 292 higher education employees. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis to identify patterns in disclosure behaviour. Reflexive thematic analysis and content analysis explored qualitative responses, offering deeper insights into the interplay between ethical reasoning, motivational drivers and situational contexts. Findings The findings revealed a complex interplay between motivational drivers and deterrents. Ethical concerns acted as dual motivators, promoting disclosure when framed as morally justified (ERT) but deterring it when viewed as ethically inconsistent (DMCM). Group influence was significant, with social validation and consensus increasing disclosure likelihood in some contexts while discouraging it in others. Originality/value This study introduces ERT and DMCM to explain the dual function of ethical reasoning in insider disclosure. It extends the literature by highlighting the role of group influence, ethical conflict and situational framing in disclosure decisions, with implications for organisational policy and information security management.