Associations Between PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ Exposure and Physical and Mental Health: A Comparative Study of Vegetated and Non-Vegetated Zones in Bangladesh

Abstract Background: Air pollution has become a significant adverse contributor to health issues, especially in cities in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Bangladesh. Urban green spaces have emerged as potential buffers against particulate matter pollution-related health risks. This study investigates the impact of particulate matter on the physical and mental health of residents from green and non-green spaces. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 384 participants (18–35 years), equally divided between green and non-green urban areas. PM values were collected using the NAX tool over seven days. Health outcomes were collected using DASS 10 and structured questionnaires. Spatial analysis was conducted using ArcGIS; statistical analysis involved logistic and ordinal regression. Results: Non-green areas exhibited significantly higher PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀ concentrations. Residents in these areas showed elevated rates of asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, skin disorders, and mental health symptoms. Bronchitis (OR=254.6) and asthma (OR=36.3) showed the strongest associations(p<0.001) with non-green residency. NDVI was inversely correlated with PM levels. Conclusion: Urban greening is a critical environmental health intervention. Expanding green infrastructure may reduce pollutant exposure and improve overall physical and mental health outcomes in urban LMIC settings.