Enhancing solar power generation with eco‐friendly surfaces to promote clean energy, reduce emissions, and Foster sustainable resource use

A comprehensive assessment is carried out on bifacial solar photovoltaic (bPV) systems, focusing on two surface types— proposed Freshwater Surface (PFWS) and Conventional White Surface (CWS)—to compare their performance outcomes. Optimal operating parameters—such as a 6 cm water depth, 100 cm panel elevation, and a 90° tilt angle—were determined through experimental trials combined with statistical optimization using Central Composite Design (CCD) within the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) framework. The PFWS configuration consistently demonstrated superior performance, achieving power output gains ranging from 3.05% to 4.86% over CWS. Although energy and exergy efficiencies between the two configurations were closely matched, PFWS yielded a slightly higher average output, confirming its improved energy capture capability. From an economic standpoint, PFWS showed a clear advantage, with higher Net Present Value (NPV) figures across all evaluated timeframes—ranging from $309.05 to $335.95—compared to CWS, which ranged from $288.42 to $330.96. In terms of sustainability, PFWS also achieved better environmental performance, with increased Gross Carbon Reduction (GCR) values (891.884 to 892.873 tCO 2 ) and a reduced Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE), demonstrating enhanced cost‐effectiveness and carbon mitigation potential. PFWS proves more sustainable and scalable for solar energy, ideal in sunny, land‐limited regions.