Citizen Participation in Spatial Planning: Challenges of Slovene Regulation and Eventual Examples Offered by the Reformed System of Spatial Planning in England

Khayal is an Urdu word of Arabic origin which means “imagination”. This word Khayal is also a popular word in the Hindi language. Khayal is a popular genre of Hindustani classical music which is known for its improvisational nature and range in which it can be expressed which allows the expression of diverse range of emotions. Very true to its meaning, Khayal as a form is comparatively flexible when compared to the earlier traditions such as Dhrupad and Dhamaar. However, this form called Khayal has continued because of the system known as the Gharana system. The word Gharana comes from the Hindi word ghar, which means “house.” (Banerjee, Roy, & Dey, 2019). The term has several connotations, one of which refers to a traditional place where learning begins for anyone. In that context, a ghar or gharana can be seen as a traditional school based on lineage, where music is passed down from one generation to another within what is called the Guru–Shishya Parampara, or the master–disciple framework.In this system, disciples—also known as shishyas—may come from the direct bloodline of the master or may be outsiders who, on the basis of merit, are accepted into the gharana. These disciples then carry forward the knowledge and pass it on to others.There is another way of looking at the Gharana. It is not just an organisational structure, but something more than that (Banerjee, Sanyal, Sengupta, & Ghosh, 2019). A gharana represents a distinctive identity, marked by unique styles, diverse philosophies, and different pedagogies used to impart the learning of music. These elements make one tradition different from another. In this sense, each gharana is distinct in its philosophy, style, aesthetics, and approach to teaching. In the last two centuries, the Gharana system has not only been an innovator but also a custodian that has kept the tradition of Khayal Gaiki alive. While safeguarding distinct forms and techniques, the gharanas have also encouraged adaptation and creativity. They have consistently been centers of innovation, ensuring that this art form, even when preserved, does not become stagnant.This paper focuses on how the Gharana system has preserved Khayal Gaiki by examining the distinct styles of different gharanas and by addressing some of the challenges currently confronting this long-standing tradition (Bhake, Rao, & Vidwans, 2025).