Design of a Cost‐Effective Optical Antenna With Square Spiral Geometry Using Fresnel Lenses

This article presents the design of an optical antenna with a square spiral geometry formed by five rings. The antenna uses graphene as a conductive material, taking advantage of its absorption properties. The graphene layer has a thickness of 0.0175 mm, a relative permittivity of 12, and a loss tangent of 0.03. In addition, Pyrex glass is used as the substrate, with a thickness of 1 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.82, and a loss tangent of 0.0054. The total size of the substrate is 6.60 × 6.60 mm, and the design was simulated using CST Studio Suite. Rectangular slots were incorporated into the structure to modify the current surface distribution surrounding the radiating patch. According to the results, the proposed design achieved a gain of 8.2 dB at a resonance frequency of 50.4 GHz, with a bandwidth of 967 MHz. The simulated antenna operates within the V‐band frequency range (40–75 GHz), making it suitable for the electromagnetic spectrum, which is widely used in millimeter‐wave radar systems and high‐speed wireless communication networks. Due to its ability to support gigabit data transfer speeds, the V band is also used for point‐to‐point radio links and wireless backhaul applications. Furthermore, since this frequency range does not require the payment of license fees, the proposed antenna offers a cost‐effective solution for this type of band due to the ability of the antenna to concentrate signal power in a specific direction.