Interactions among cost of quality factors in Indian manufacturing: An interpretive structural modeling approach

Quality-related costs represent a significant concern for manufacturing organizations, as they directly influence competitiveness, efficiency, and long-term sustainability. Understanding how these costs interact is crucial for developing effective quality management strategies, particularly in emerging economies such as India. This study investigates the interactions among cost of quality (CoQ) factors in the Indian manufacturing sector using an interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach. A comprehensive literature review identified critical CoQ components, which were then structurally interrelated through ISM to develop a hierarchical framework that clarifies the relationships between driving and dependent factors. This framework provides insight into how specific CoQ elements influence one another, offering actionable guidance for quality management. The study not only advances theoretical understanding but also contributes a practical tool for decision-makers in manufacturing. Key findings indicate that prevention-related factors act as strong drivers, whereas appraisal- and failure-related costs are more dependent. The proposed ISM-based framework provides a strategic lens for prioritizing quality improvement initiatives.