Reconfigurable High-Efficiency Power Dividers Using Waveguide Epsilon-Near-Zero Media for On-Demand Splitting

Although epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) media have emerged as a promising platform for power dividers, the majority of existing designs are confined to fixed power splitting. In this work, two dynamically tunable power dividers using waveguide ENZ media are proposed by precisely modulating the internal magnetic field and the widths of the output waveguides. The first approach features a mechanically reconfigurable ring-shaped ENZ waveguide. By continuously re-distributing the magnetic field within the ENZ tunneling channels utilizing rotatable copper plates, arbitrary power division among multiple output ports is constructed. The second design integrates a rectangular-loop ENZ cavity into a substrate-integrated waveguide, with four positive–intrinsic–negative diodes embedded to dynamically activate specific output ports. This configuration steers electromagnetic energy toward output ports with varying cross-sectional areas, enabling on-demand control over both the power division and the number of output ports. Both analytical and full-wave simulation results confirm dynamic power division, with transmission efficiencies exceeding 93%. Despite differences in structure and actuation mechanisms, both designs exhibit flexible field control, high reconfigurability, and excellent transmission performance, highlighting their potential in advanced applications such as real-time wireless communications, multi-input–multi-output systems, and reconfigurable antennas.