Hernia mesh: the evolution of materials and a look into the future (literature review)

Mesh implants have become an integral part of modern hernia surgery. Although polypropylene remains the most used material, its limitations – such as degradation, chronic inflammation, and potential systemic immune reactions – have drawn increasing attention. As a result, alternative polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) are being actively explored for their superior biocompatibility, chemical stability, and lower complication rates. This review outlines the historical evolution and current classifications of synthetic meshes used in abdominal wall reconstruction. It highlights the biomechanical, morphological, and immunological characteristics of various implant materials, with particular emphasis on PVDF-based prostheses. Future directions are also discussed, including the development of bioactive, MRI-visible, and patient-specific meshes.