Kinematic Assessment of the Physician’s Body Position and Musculoskeletal Loads During Breast and Abdominal Ultrasound Examinations

Background: Ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that provides real-time evaluation of anatomical structures. While versatile in examining various organs, it can be physically demanding for physicians due to the need for challenging positions, potentially causing musculoskeletal pain over time. The study aimed to assess the ergonomics of abdominal and breast ultrasound, identify the most challenging anatomical area, determine which part of the examination causes the greatest strain, and evaluate the overall ergonomic impact of the entire procedure. Methods: The study involved 5 radiologists from the University Clinical Center in Katowice. The examination was divided into five segments: liver, right kidney, left kidney, right breast, and left breast. Data were recorded using the Noraxon Ultium Motion inertial system to track body movements during the ultrasound procedures. Ergonomic assessment was performed using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) methods, evaluating postural risks and physical strain during each segment of the examination and during the whole procedure. Results: Both RULA and REBA assessments yielded average total scores between 6 and 7 across the evaluated tasks, reflecting consistently high musculoskeletal loading. These elevated scores demonstrate that abdominal and breast ultrasonography imposes substantial ergonomic strain, potentially increasing the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusions: The high ergonomic risk scores indicate an urgent need to modify scanning techniques and workstation design to reduce musculoskeletal strain in sonographers. Implementing ergonomic improvements is essential to prevent occupational injuries and promote long-term health.