The State of Intestinal Microbiota in Preterm Newborns: Impact on Adaptive Capabilities and Optimization of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches

Preterm newborns present unique challenges in the development of intestinal microbiota, which significantly influences their immune system, metabolic processes, neurological development, and overall adaptive capacity. This article, based on a systematic literature review, examines the role of intestinal microbiota in preterm infants, highlights the clinical consequences of dysbiosis, explores its impact on neuropsychological development via the gut-brain axis, and discusses modern therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Findings indicate that breastfeeding and probiotic supplementation help stabilize the microbiota, while advanced molecular diagnostic technologies enable early detection of complications and the implementation of personalized therapeutic approaches (Tamburini et al., 2016; Warner & Hamvas, 2018).