Breast cancer risks in consumer products: A systematic review (Part 1)

Breast cancer remains a major global health concern, with Nigeria experiencing some of the highest incidence rates among women. As a hormone-dependent and multifactorial disease, it results from interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), particularly bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, are emerging as modifiable risk factors. This two-phase systematic review first identified relevant EDCs affecting Nigerian women, then evaluated BPA and phthalates for their role in breast cancer risk. While human studies suggest associations, animal research shows strong evidence that these chemicals disrupt mammary gland development and increase cancer susceptibility. In Nigeria, primary exposure sources include plastic food packaging and fragranced household products. Reducing exposure through safer storage practices, fragrance-free cosmetics, and better ventilation is recommended. Despite some regulatory measures, increased public education and awareness are vital for minimizing breast cancer risk linked to these chemicals.