Neurotoxicity of Lanthanum Salts: A Narrative Review of Mechanistic Insights from Cellular and Animal Models

Driven by rapid technological development, the rising need for rare earth elements (REEs) has led to increased extraction, processing, and utilization of these materials in new technologies. Nevertheless, the waste produced by these processes is often inadequately managed, resulting in the release of these elements into the environment, contaminating water sources and the food chain, and ultimately impacting both humans and animals. Recent studies have underlined the toxic potential of these elements, raising major concerns regarding human health. Given the exponential increase in the use of this group of elements, it is essential to acquire a deep understanding of the adverse consequences associated with REEs. This review aims to examine the neurotoxic effects of lanthanum, an element of this group that has garnered significant attention from the scientific community, by providing a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying its toxicity.