Current state of the art approach, materials, and future prospects of four‐dimensional bioprinting of smart materials for biomedical applications

Four‐dimensional bioprinting incorporates the notion of time with three‐dimensional bioprinting as the additional dimension and offers the prospect of constructing detailed and essential biological frameworks. It has been considered the future of biomedical applications, namely tissue engineering, wound repair, drug delivery systems, etc. Through the adoption of stimulus‐responsive materials, Four‐Dimensional bioprinting is an excellent way to construct dynamic, three‐dimensional‐structured biological constructs that morph their shape in reaction to varied stimuli. A new frontier in tissue engineering, i.e. four dimensional bioprinting, refers to the operational development and maturation of cell‐loaded printed structures over time. This review article is concerned with the idea of four‐dimensional bioprinting and the latest advances in smart/intelligent materials, which can be activated by various stimuli to create biomimetic constructs and materials, along with brief insights into biomedical applications. These advancements have significant possibilities for biomedical research while also offering promising future prospects.