Decarbonising transport and supply chains: a systematic review of greenhouse gas calculation approaches and future research paths

Purpose As environmental awareness grows in transport and supply chain industries, companies face the challenge of accurately calculating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This arises from the need to account for emissions across organisational, upstream and downstream activities, making GHG calculations essential for effective decarbonisation. However, inconsistencies and inaccuracies in scopes and approaches create barriers and hinder practical implementation. In response, this paper examines the issues to provide an improved understanding of what constitutes effective GHG calculations. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of existing literature identifies and analyses key determinants influencing GHG calculations. Building on this, a conceptual framework was developed to categorise these determinants and outline their interactions. From this framework, promising research directions and specific research questions are proposed. Findings The study reveals that determinants of GHG calculations, including antecedents, moderators, mediators and outcomes, are more intricate than previously understood in research. The implications significantly impact challenges related to practical implementation. By unravelling these complexities, the study provides insights for improving GHG calculation and reducing barriers to decarbonisation. Originality/value This study is one of the first to introduce a structured approach to categorising the key determinants of GHG calculations through a conceptual framework. Through addressing knowledge gaps and identifying key influences, it stimulates research in this complex area and supports decarbonisation in transport and supply chains.