Isolation and Characterization of Chlorpyrifos Degrading Microorganisms from Agriculture Soil: A Review

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a globally used organophosphate pesticide, has attracted the world's attention because of its persistence in soil ecosystems and its negative ecological and health effects. Microbial degradation offers a sustainable eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy to counteract CPF contamination in agricultural soils. This review offers a comprehensive overview of recent progress in the isolation and characterization of pesticide-degrading microorganisms with special emphasis on chlorpyrifos. Several bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Alcaligenes have been found to possess outstanding CPF-degrading abilities, frequently using CPF as an exclusive carbon or phosphorus source.The review also covers field applications of CPF-degrading strains by bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and rhizoremediation, but for handling limitations in survivability of the strains and qualitative degradation. The future technologies such as whole-genome sequencing, synthetic biology, and engineering of microbial consortia are suggested to be employed for optimizing CPF bioremediation. This review highlights generally the capability of microbial technologies to facilitate sustainable pesticide management and provides a research pathway for future research in environmental bioremediation.