Impact of CT-Defined Sarcopenia on Clinical Outcomes in Elderly Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Korean Cohort Study

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenia, the age-related decline in skeletal muscle mass and function, is increasingly recognized as an important prognostic factor among elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate whether computed tomography (CT)-defined sarcopenia independently predicts short-term mortality in elderly Korean trauma patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 722 patients aged ≥ 65 years admitted to a Korean Level I trauma center between January 2020 and December 2021. Sarcopenia was defined as the lowest sex-specific quartile of skeletal muscle index (SMI) measured at the third lumbar vertebra (L3) within 7 days of admission. Demographics, injury severity, and outcome variables were compared between groups. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with a 24 h landmark and multivariable Cox regression were applied to identify independent predictors of 30-day mortality. Results: Among 722 patients, 181 (25.1%) were sarcopenic. They were older and had lower body mass index and serum albumin yet showed lower Injury Severity Score (ISS) at presentation. Despite this, in-hospital mortality was higher in sarcopenic patients (15.5% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.036), while 24 h mortality did not differ (4.4% vs. 3.7%, p = 0.663). Landmark analysis starting at 24 h demonstrated significantly worse 30-day survival in the sarcopenia group (log-rank p = 0.028). Multivariable Cox regression confirmed sarcopenia as an independent predictor of 30-day mortality (HR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.07–5.23; p = 0.034), along with higher ISS and lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. Conclusions: CT-defined sarcopenia at the L3 level independently predicts 30-day mortality in elderly trauma patients and may support early risk stratification.