Cross-Regional Intelligence and Diplomacy Between Sarbadars and Mawarannahr Powers

This study investigates the diplomatic and intelligence connections between the Sarbadar movement of Sabzevar (1336–1381) and the political entities of Mawarannahr (Transoxiana) during the 14th century. Although geographically distinct, both regions faced the common challenge of post-Mongol fragmentation and engaged in meaningful cross-regional interactions. Drawing on Persian chronicles, Timurid sources, and comparative analysis of institutions, the research demonstrates that Sarbadar diplomacy involved formal embassies, intelligence gathering, religious networks, and commercial relationships. Particular attention is given to contacts with Amir Temur’s rising state, revealing how diplomacy preceded conquest. The findings contribute to reassessing the Sarbadars as an active regional player rather than an isolated movement.