An exclusive review on TiO2-based nanofluids with applications to automotive industry

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is extensively employed due to its distinctive attractive thermal and physical characteristics. Various techniques, encompassing both single-step and two-step methods, have been utilized by researchers for the preparation of TiO2-based nanofluids. In its natural state, TiO2 is found in three crystalline forms: anatase, brookite, and rutile. However, the direct application of nanoparticles in heat transfer scenarios presents a considerable challenge, compelling scientists to seek out stable nanofluid preparation techniques. Nanofluids have gained recognition as promising thermodynamic fluids, largely because of their impressive attributes in thermal convection, conduction, stability, and heat transfer. An exponential surge in research has been observed concerning their thermo-physical properties, potential advantages, and applications. While numerous reviews strive to deliver comprehensive summaries on the preparation, characteristics, heat transfer, and application performance of diverse nanofluids, the sheer volume of existing literature makes this a daunting task. Therefore, a selective yet thorough summary that focuses on a specific aspect of a particular nanofluid is highly valuable. This review concentrates on the heat transfer characteristics of TiO2-based nanofluid, which is regarded as one of the most practical options for real-world applications owing to its superior dispersibility, chemical stability, and non-toxic properties. Ultimately, this review paper aims to provide a wide-ranging overview of the research progress in the heat transfer applications of TiO2-based nanofluids.