International Economic Sanctions in the Aviation Sector and Their Impact on Constitutional Guarantees of Freedom of Movement

As a result of the expansion of the scope of sanctions mechanisms, more and more questions arise regarding their legal status, effectiveness, and impact on fundamental human rights. The purpose of this article was to analyse the impact of international economic sanctions in the field of aviation on the realisation of the right to freedom of movement, guaranteed by the Constitution of Azerbaijan and international legal acts. The research is based on qualitative methods, utilising secondary data from legal texts, literature reviews, and institutional reports to assess how sanctions impact mobility rights and aviation infrastructure. The study used the following methods: content analysis, formal legal and comparative legal methods of processing normative acts, as well as elements of case studies based on specific restrictions on air traffic under sanctions. An analysis was conducted of key international documents (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the ICCPR, the European Convention on Human Rights, and the Chicago Convention), national acts of Azerbaijan, as well as the practice of the ECHR. The results showed that aviation sanctions can significantly restrict the right to freedom of movement, particularly in cases involving airspace closure, the blocking of air carriers, or the introduction of visa barriers. Such restrictions must be temporary, proportionate, and legally justified. The study also found that Azerbaijan's national legal system needs additional mechanisms to monitor compliance with constitutional guarantees in the context of foreign policy influence. Accordingly, the scientific novelty lies in the systematic analysis of aviation sanctions, based on an examination of the right to movement in both national and international dimensions, as well as in the proposed legal approaches to ensuring a balance between sanctions policy and human rights. The conclusions suggest that a legal balance between sanctions and human rights is achievable through the application of the principle of proportionality, humanitarian exceptions, and constitutional oversight.