Advancing bio-integrated building systems: a systematic review of architectural, structural and mechanical–electrical challenges in photobioreactor façades

Purpose This study evaluates the feasibility of photobioreactor (PBR) façades across architectural, structural and mechanical–electrical (MEP) domains, identifying interdisciplinary gaps and proposing scalable solutions to advance their global implementation. Design/methodology/approach A PRISMA 2020-guided systematic mixed-methods review analyzed 82 studies (2013–2025) from six databases and preprint repositories. PICOS criteria structured the evaluation of building-integrated PBR systems against conventional façades, emphasizing energy efficiency, carbon sequestration and scalability. Dual independent screening (κ = 0.82) ensured reliability, with thematic categorization into architectural, structural and MEP domains. Findings Architectural aspects dominated research (91.6% of studies), emphasizing thermal performance, environmental benefits and climate consideration. Structural engineering received limited attention (15.7%), with gaps in dynamic load management for high-rise applications, despite innovations in graphene-reinforced polymers and 3D/4D printing. MEP systems (47% coverage) demonstrated AI-driven optimization, reducing energy consumption by 25–30%, though system complexity persisted. Geospatial analysis revealed 35% of studies concentrated in Iran, the US and Canada, neglecting climate-vulnerable regions. Modular design and hybrid energy grids emerged as critical enablers for scalability. Research limitations/implications The temporal scope (2013–2025) may exclude post-2025 innovations. Structural data scarcity limits conclusions on high-rise adaptability. Future studies should prioritize real-world validations in extreme climates. Practical implications Policymakers should adopt biomimetic certifications incentivizing cross-domain integration. Practitioners can leverage AI-driven modular designs and decentralized energy networks. Open-source prototyping hubs in vulnerable regions are urged to align innovations with local needs. Originality/value This review introduces the first integrative framework addressing PBR façade implementation across three interdisciplinary operational domains.