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This is a Experimental Study study.

Innovative Use of Fly Ash as a Free Fatty Acid Reducer in Used Cooking Oil for Enhanced Biodiesel Production

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This study demonstrates fly ash reduces free fatty acids in used cooking oil, suggesting a cost-effective method for enhancing biodiesel production.

Using activated fly ash significantly lowers free fatty acid content in used cooking oil, improving biodiesel yield.
The study shows that with longer reaction times and higher fly ash masses, free fatty acid reduction is more effective.
Kinetic modeling confirms that fly ash treatment effectively degrades free fatty acids, achieving high accuracy in results.
This method not only enhances biodiesel efficiency but also promotes waste management by repurposing industrial byproducts.

Anggorowati et al. (2025) studied this question.

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This study demonstrates fly ash reduces free fatty acids in used cooking oil, suggesting a cost-effective method for enhancing biodiesel production.