Silent Cries Across Borders: Determinants of Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Sub-Saharan Africa - Evidence from WHO STEPS Surveys (2014–2019)

Introduction Suicide is a major global health concern, claiming approximately 800,000 lives annually, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries. In Sub-Saharan Africa, research on suicidal behavior remains limited, hindered by stigma, inadequate mental health infrastructure and data scarcity. This study examines the prevalence and predictors of suicidal ideation and attempts across 12 African nations to guide culturally sensitive prevention strategies. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed secondary data from WHO STEPS surveys (2014-2019), the study employed a multistage cluster sampling and standardized assessment to evaluate suicidal behavior among individuals aged 15 and older. A total of 14,374 participants were assessed for ideation and 16,041 for attempts. Multivariable logistic regression and spatial mapping were used to identify risk factors and geographic trends. Results Finding revealed a 6.34% prevalence of suicidal ideation and a 5.69% for suicidal attempts, with higher rates among females and youths aged 15–34. Males were significantly less likely to report suicidal thoughts than females (AOR = 0.61;95% CI: 0.52–0.72; p < 0.001). After adjustment, men were approximately 39% less likely to attempt suicide than women (AOR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.52–0.72; p < 0.001). Key risk factors included gender, country of residence (Eswatini, Malawi, or Zambia), hypertension, high salt intake, and alcohol use. Alcohol consumption was notably linked to a two-ford increase in both ideation and attempts. Variables such as education, marital status, and urban-residence showed minimal influence after adjustment. Conclusion This study underscores the urgent need to integrate mental health services into primary care systems, enhance public awareness, and reduce stigma surrounding suicide. Expanding access to affordable, culturally appropriate mental health resources is critical to addressing the high burden of suicidal behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa.