Background and Aim: Chinese ink figure painting, with a millennium-long legacy as a cornerstone of traditional art, underwent transformative cross-cultural encounters with Western realistic sketching in the early 20th century, when pioneers like Xu Beihong and Jiang Zhaohe first integrated anatomical precision and spatial representation to modernize artistic expression. While this integration has driven stylistic evolution in themes such as "workers, farmers, doctors," and ethnic minority life scenes, a critical research gap persists: existing studies lack systematic analysis of how realistic sketching techniques—such as proportional modeling, chiaroscuro, and gestural drawing—can enhance specific dimensions of "modeling" (anatomical accuracy, spatial depth, emotional expressiveness) in ink figure painting while preserving core traditional aesthetics like brushwork fluidity andink rhyme. Guided by the theoretical framework of cultural integration, this study aims to address this gap by: Investigating how strategic adoption of realistic sketching techniques improves formal precision in contemporary ink figure painting; Identifying the balance point between realistic modeling and preservation of traditional ink aesthetics; Proposing a theoretical framework for harmonious technical-cultural fusion through empirical and creative practice. Materials and Methods: This study employs an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design to systematically examine the integration of realistic sketching into Chinese ink figure painting, comprising four interconnected components: (1) Literature Review, a comprehensive synthesis of historical developments in Chinese ink painting—from the expressive realism of the Song Dynasty to 20th-century cross-cultural experiments—and theories of cultural integration was conducted to establish evaluative criteria for technical-aesthetic harmony. (2) Case Analysis, thirteen representative artworks were selected, including Xu Beihong’s Laborer, Jiang Zhaohe’s Refugees, and contemporary pieces by artists with ≥15 years of dual practice experience. Formal analysis focused on stylistic elements to identify successful integration strategies and unresolved challenges. (3) Empirical Research Surveys: A total of 375 undergraduate art students completed 5-point Likert scale questionnaires assessing perceptions of modeling improvements and aesthetic preservation. Expert Interviews: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five renowned artists. Thematic analysis was applied to transcripts to identify recurring challenges. (4) Creative Practice, two series of ink paintings were created: Urban Portraits (3 works): Applied skeletal proportioning from academic sketching to depict modern laborers. Ethnic Landscapes (2 works): Integrated atmospheric perspective with traditional "broken ink" techniques, documented through step-by-step technical logs tracking brushstroke variations and pigment mixtures. Results: (1) Technical Enhancements; 1.1 Anatomical Accuracy: Expert evaluations of Urban Portraits revealed a mean improvement score of 4.2/5 (SD=0.33) in anatomical precision, with hand/foot details scoring 4.55/5 (SD=0.12). 1.2 Spatial Depth: Ethnic Landscapes achieved a mean score of 4.63/5 (SD=0.13) in spatial hierarchy using the Western perspective, significantly higher than traditional scatter perspective works (3.8/5, p50% realistic techniques scoring 3.37/5 (SD=0.48) for traditional brushwork inheritance. 2.2 Stylistic Homogeneity: Sixty percent of survey respondents identified homogenized styles in high-realism works, whereas pieces with 30–40% realistic elements scored higher in originality (4.24/5, SD=0.22). (3) Creative Practice Insights; The Ethnic Landscapes series demonstrated successful balance through contour sketching for figure outlines and "broken ink" techniques for clothing textures, preserving "cultural gestalt" with a mean authenticity score of 4.42/5 (SD=0.18). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that strategic integration of realistic sketching techniques, such as proportional modeling and dynamic gesture drawing, significantly enhances anatomical accuracy (+35%) and spatial complexity in ink figure painting. However, a threshold of 30–40% realistic elements is critical to preserving traditional aesthetics, such as brushwork fluidity and symbolic minimalism. Original Contribution: By establishing a "selective hybridity" framework, this research challenges binary narratives of modernization vs. heritage, proving that technical integration can deepen cultural authenticity when guided by systematic aesthetic analysis. Implications: Art education curricula should position realistic techniques as complementary to traditional training, emphasizing experimental documentation to track stylistic evolution. Institutions are urged to develop evaluation frameworks that prioritize both technical innovation and cultural symbolism, fostering a new generation of ink artists capable of navigating globalized aesthetics while rooted in indigenous traditions.
Yuan et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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