Navigating End-of-Life Decisions With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Patient-Centered Perspective on the Clinical and Legal Barriers to Medical Aid in Dying

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disease that often leads to loss of speech, swallowing restrictions, respiratory failure, paralysis, and total physical dependence, despite preserved cognitive function. For some affected individuals, the anticipated decline in autonomy associated with ALS leads to the consideration of medical aid in dying (MAiD). In the United States (US), MAiD is legally permitted in 12 jurisdictions (11 states and Washington, DC); however, most require patients to self-administer the prescribed medications. This stipulation creates an inequitable barrier for people with late-stage ALS, as the ability to swallow medication or manipulate delivery devices is often lost well before the end of life. Patients with ALS who are considering MAiD and otherwise meet all eligibility criteria must weigh the decision to end their lives earlier than desired against the risk of prolonging life and becoming physically unable to self-administer MAiD. This paper, coauthored by a patient with bulbar-onset ALS, integrates clinical literature, legal analysis, and lived experience to examine how existing MAiD statutes in the US fail to accommodate the physical disabilities of otherwise eligible patients from using this option. Overall, legislative reform in the US is urgently needed to ensure that MAiD eligibility is based on informed consent and clinical criteria without unfair exclusion based on physical disability.