Functional Connectivity of Auditory, Motor, and Reward Networks at Rest and During Music Listening

Music engages multiple brain networks simultaneously, yet most studies examine these networks in isolation. We investigated functional connectivity among auditory, motor, and reward networks during music listening in different contexts using fMRI data from two samples (N=39 each): focused music listening and background music during cognitive tasks. ROI-to-ROI, seed-based, and graph theory analyses examined connectivity patterns among 46 regions spanning the three networks. Both contexts showed enhanced within-auditory network connectivity compared to rest, suggesting this is fundamental to music processing. However, between-network patterns diverged markedly. Background music during cognitive tasks preserved reward-motor coupling while reducing auditory-motor and auditory-reward connectivity. Focused music listening produced widespread negative correlations between motor regions and both auditory and reward networks, potentially reflecting motor suppression in the scanner environment. Graph theory measures revealed context-specific hub reorganization: reward regions (nucleus accumbens, caudate) showed increased centrality during background music, while amygdala and frontal orbital cortex were selectively enhanced during focused listening. These findings demonstrate that music engagement involves context-dependent network reorganization beyond simple attention effects. The same musical stimulus engages different neural mechanisms depending on concurrent cognitive demands, motor requirements, and listening goals. Enhanced within-auditory connectivity appears consistent across contexts, but between-network interactions are shaped by the broader cognitive-behavioral context. These results highlight the importance of considering ecological context when studying music processing and designing music-based interventions, as network connectivity patterns during music listening reflect complex interactions between task demands, attentional resources, and musical engagement rather than music processing alone.