The Role of Cyclosporine in the Topical Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder marked by instability of the tear film and inflammatory responses. This review examines the mechanisms of action, clinical effectiveness, and formulation developments of cyclosporine A (CsA). Current evidence shows CsA reduces inflammation, improves tear production, and alleviates symptoms by targeting immunopathological processes. The therapeutic outcome is influenced by the underlying cause of the disease and the specific attributes of the formulation used.